企業分析指標クイックリファレンス

意味

This is a checklist for assessing rights. The rights to returns and claims in the event of liquidation for common stock, preferred stock, and bonds are determined by both law and specific contractual terms.

計算式と範囲

There is no universal formula. Key factors include principal or dividend requirements, whether dividends are cumulative, the existence of collateral, seniority (priority), and provisions for redemption or conversion.

確認先

Refer to corporate charters, bond indentures, prospectuses, and the notes to financial statements regarding capital and financial instruments.

判断すること

Distinguish between the quality of a company’s business operations and the specific protections afforded to the securities you hold.

変化の理由

When there are significant senior claims, the "cushion" available to junior (subordinated) holders may be reduced; it is essential to examine specific assets and contractual terms.

制約と注意点

The term "preferred" does not guarantee interest payments or the return of principal. Furthermore, do not infer current legal standards in various jurisdictions based on historical U.S. case law.

併せて確認

Consider the maturity profile of debt, interest coverage, and potential dilution.

仮定の例

For example, if 100 is available for distribution upon liquidation, 70 might go toward debt repayment, 20 toward preferred stock (per its specific terms), and only the remaining 10 would be available for common shareholders. In practice, the final distribution also depends on administrative costs and statutory priority rankings.

出典: Source notes for Chapter 2 of Security Analysis

意味

The number of shares is the denominator of equity per share; the number of shares at the end of the period describes a point in time, and the weighted average number of shares corresponds to a period.

計算式と範囲

The total number of shares at the end of the period is read according to the disclosure; EPS usually uses the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, and cannot be randomly replaced by the number of outstanding shares or the number of shares at the end of the period.

確認先

Notes on share capital, statement of changes in share capital, and EPS notes.

判断すること

Examine the impact of additional issuances, buybacks, stock splits and capital structure on per-share indicators.

変化の理由

Additional issuance may dilute earnings per share, or it may be invested in profitable business; buybacks do not automatically create value.

制約と注意点

Repurchases of treasury shares, split shares and retrospective adjustments must be handled according to accounting disclosures. The number of shares required for market capitalization and earnings per share are different.

併せて確認

EPS, diluted EPS, PE.

仮定の例

Assume profit is CNY 1 million in both periods. Weighted average shares rise from 1 million to 1.25 million, so basic EPS falls from CNY 1 to CNY 0.80.

出典: IFRS IAS 33 Earnings per Share

意味

Instruments that may increase the number of common shares or affect the earnings of common shares if conditions are met in the future.

計算式と範囲

Priority is given to using the disclosed diluted EPS and reconciliation table; all convertible bonds and options cannot be directly added to the basic EPS denominator.

確認先

Convertible debt and equity incentive terms, EPS notes.

判断すること

Understand the difference between current earnings per share and potential equity split.

変化の理由

The widening gap between basic and diluted EPS is a signal for further inspection and does not automatically mean that additional shares have been issued in this period.

制約と注意点

Anti-dilutive instruments may be excluded from diluted EPS, especially in loss periods. The treasury-stock method for options and earnings adjustments for convertible bonds require separate study.

併せて確認

Number of shares, basic EPS, capital structure.

仮定の例

Assume disclosed basic EPS is CNY 1 and diluted EPS is CNY 0.90. The gap signals potential dilution; it does not prove the share count has already risen by 11.1%.

出典: IFRS IAS 33 Earnings per Share

意味

The former looks at all liabilities relative to assets, and the latter looks at debt or liabilities relative to equity; indicators with the same name may use different molecules.

計算式と範囲

Asset-liability ratio = total liabilities ÷ total assets. D/E must indicate total liabilities ÷ equity, or interest-bearing debt ÷ equity; the two cannot be mixed.

確認先

Consolidated balance sheet and notes on borrowings, leases and equity.

判断すること

Observe financing leverage, and then separate operating liabilities and financing debts.

変化の理由

The increase may be due to an increase in borrowings, a decrease in equity due to losses, or an increase in payable and contract liabilities.

制約と注意点

Total liabilities are not the same as interest-bearing debt. D/E is hard to interpret when equity is small or negative. A high-turnover business funded by customer advances should not be compared mechanically with a debt-heavy manufacturer.

併せて確認

Net debt, interest coverage, and debt maturity distribution.

仮定の例

Assume assets of 200, total liabilities of 120, equity of 80, and interest-bearing debt of 60. Liabilities/assets is 60%; total-liabilities/equity is 1.5×, while interest-bearing-debt/equity is 0.75×.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements · CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

Revenue is sales or service revenue recognized in accordance with the standards, not the amount received or the total amount of orders.

計算式と範囲

Year-on-year revenue growth = (current-period revenue ÷ comparable prior-period revenue - 1) × 100%.

確認先

Income statement, revenue segment and recognition policy notes, operating discussion.

判断すること

First describe the changes in scale, and then break down the volume, price, product structure and scope of mergers and acquisitions.

変化の理由

Growth may come from demand, or it may be mergers and acquisitions, exchange rates or changes in confirmation timing; declines need to be dismantled in the same way.

制約と注意点

The base period is 0 and cannot be calculated directly. A negative base number should not be interpreted as ordinary growth; half a year and a full year cannot be directly compared.

併せて確認

Sales volume, average price, gross profit, operating cash flow.

仮定の例

Assume that the income in the same period last year was 1,000 and this year it was 1,200, an increase of 20%; it does not indicate that profits or cash also increased by 20%.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

The gross profit after deducting corresponding operating costs from operating income and its proportion to income.

計算式と範囲

Gross profit = revenue - operating costs; gross profit margin = gross profit ÷ revenue × 100%.

確認先

Income statement and notes on revenue and cost by product.

判断すること

Observe the impact of product price, cost and product structure on initial profit margins.

変化の理由

The increase may come from price increases, cost reductions, an increase in the proportion of high-margin products, or may be related to changes in cost classification.

制約と注意点

The gross profit has not deducted all sales, management and other expenses; the actual accounting standards should be checked for the presentation position of R&D and depreciation. Zero revenue does not count as gross profit margin.

併せて確認

Selling price, unit cost, product mix, operating profit margin.

仮定の例

Assume that the revenue is 100, the cost is 60, the gross profit is 40, and the gross profit margin is 40%; it is not a net profit of 40.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements · CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

Use reported operating profit, or a clearly reconciled adjusted measure, to assess operating results.

計算式と範囲

Operating profit margin = selected operating profit ÷ revenue × 100%. State exactly which profit measure is used.

確認先

Income statement, operating profit adjustment and various profit and loss notes.

判断すること

Check whether gross profit is consumed by period expenses and other charged items.

変化の理由

Changes may arise from expenses, impairments, exchanges, investments or fair value items, depending on the reporting system used.

制約と注意点

“Operating profit” can differ across accounting standards. Do not treat it as EBIT or pure core-business profit without reconciliation.

併せて確認

Gross profit margin, expense ratio, net profit margin, EBIT.

仮定の例

Assume revenue is 100 and the selected operating profit is 15; operating margin on that basis is 15%. Changing the numerator means the resulting figures are not directly comparable.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements · CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

Consolidated net profit includes shares attributable to the parent company and non-controlling interests; the per share indicator for common shares also needs to match the earnings that can be enjoyed by common shares.

計算式と範囲

Net margin = consolidated net profit ÷ consolidated revenue. If using profit attributable to the parent, label the resulting margin separately and do not compare the two as equivalent.

確認先

Income Statement and Notes to Minority Profit and Loss/Non-Controlling Interests.

判断すること

Look at overall bottom line earnings and identify the impact of minority shareholders and one-time items.

変化の理由

The increase may come from tax benefits, asset sales or investment income, rather than improvements in the main business.

制約と注意点

Consolidated revenue includes all subsidiary revenue, while profit attributable to the parent belongs to the parent’s shareholders. Tax and non-recurring items can distort cross-company comparisons.

併せて確認

Operating profit, EPS, non-excluding and normal profits, and operating cash flow.

仮定の例

Assume consolidated net profit is 12, profit attributable to non-controlling interests is 2, and revenue is 100. Consolidated net margin is 12%; profit attributable to the parent is 10, a different numerator.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Normal profit is an analysis and judgment of sustainable earning ability; profit after deduction or adjustment is only the starting point for verification.

計算式と範囲

There is no universal formula. List reported profit, adjustment items, related tax and attribution effects, and the resulting normalized earnings; justify each inclusion or exclusion.

確認先

Notes on non-recurring income statements, asset sales, subsidies, impairments, share-based payments, etc.

判断すること

Distinguish between business profits and incidental profits and losses, and retain necessary regular costs.

変化の理由

Any widening deviation between reported profits and adjusted profits must be investigated item by item and will not automatically be judged as fraud.

制約と注意点

R&D, marketing or share-based payment cannot be added back arbitrarily; deductions are not equal to normal profits, let alone cash.

併せて確認

Gross profit, expense ratio, operating cash flow, EPS.

仮定の例

Assume that the reported net profit is 20, of which the after-tax attributable income from asset sales is 5, and the rest is unadjusted to obtain an analysis starting point of 15, which is not a proven sustainable profit.

出典: Source notes for Chapter 2 of Security Analysis · SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Earnings per share reflect the relationship between the attributable earnings of ordinary shares and the number of shares during the period; basic and diluted earnings are treated differently.

計算式と範囲

Basic EPS = profit for the period attributable to common stockholders of the parent company ÷ weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS adjusts the numerator and denominator as disclosed.

確認先

Income statement and EPS notes.

判断すること

Correlate the company's profits with the equity per share it holds.

変化の理由

EPS improvement may come from profit growth, or it may come from repurchases reducing the denominator.

制約と注意点

Preferred stock dividends, anti-dilution treatment, and stock split traceability all need to be checked; do not directly divide the net profit attributable to the parent company by the number of outstanding shares.

併せて確認

Number of shares, potential dilution, PE.

仮定の例

Assume profit attributable to ordinary shareholders is CNY 1 million and weighted average shares outstanding are 2 million; basic EPS is CNY 0.50. Diluted EPS still requires the disclosed adjustments.

出典: IFRS IAS 33 Earnings per Share

意味

Use the ratio of sales, management, R&D and other expenses to revenue to observe the relationship between investment and scale.

計算式と範囲

Each expense rate = corresponding current expense ÷ income; separately check capitalized R&D, and do not equate expenses with all R&D investment.

確認先

Income statement, notes on expenses and development expenses, and description of research and development.

判断すること

Distinguish between necessary inputs, scale efficiency and cost pressure.

変化の理由

The increase may be due to pre-investment, channel expansion, or a decrease in revenue; the decrease may be due to scale dilution or capitalization.

制約と注意点

Less expenses do not mean better; R&D capitalization and outsourcing cost classification will change the expense rate; R&D cannot be added back to profits without basis.

併せて確認

Gross margin, operating margin, revenue growth, capital expenditures.

仮定の例

Assume that R&D expenses are 10, revenue is 100, and the expense rate is 10%; when there is also capitalized development expenditure of 3, it cannot be said that the R&D investment is only 10.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

ROE looks at the return on shareholders' book capital; ROIC tries to look at the after-tax return on capital invested in operations.

計算式と範囲

Simplified ROE attributable to parent company = net profit attributable to parent company ÷ average equity attributable to parent company. ROIC = NOPAT ÷ average invested capital; NOPAT in this manual uses adjusted EBIT × (1 - analysis tax rate), and invested capital is adjusted according to interest-bearing debt + equity - non-operating cash, etc.

確認先

Statements, Capital and Cash Notes and Homemade Reconciliations.

判断すること

Distinguish between operating returns and changes in book returns due to leverage and buybacks.

変化の理由

An increase in ROE may simply be a reduction in equity or an increase in leverage; ROIC may also be affected by capitalization, impairment and acquisitions.

制約と注意点

The average is usually the average of the beginning and end of the period, and more time points are used for major changes; negative equity and negative invested capital are not explained according to conventional ratios. The definition of ROIC is not uniform and cannot be compared with different algorithms.

併せて確認

Net profit margin, turnover, leverage, capital expenditures.

仮定の例

Assume that the net profit attributable to the parent company is 10, the average equity attributable to the parent company is 50, and the ROE is 20%; the NOPAT is 12, the average invested capital is 80, and the ROIC is 15%. The two are not interchangeable.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List · Damodaran Corporate Finance course: ROIC

意味

Separately identify the portion of cash and equivalents that cannot be used at any time or is not under the control of the corresponding entity.

計算式と範囲

There is no single statutory “cash available” formula; eliminate the included limitations from the list of cash disclosures to avoid duplication of deductions.

確認先

Cash, restricted funds, pledged deposits, subsidiary funds and exchange notes.

判断すること

Match the loan repayment entity, currency and fund mobilization.

変化の理由

The increase in cash may come from borrowing or raising capital rather than making money from operations.

制約と注意点

Certain restricted deposits are no longer included in cash equivalents; you cannot see the restricted amount and deduct it again, and you do not treat all short-term investments as cash.

併せて確認

Net debt, cash flow, and debt maturity distribution.

仮定の例

Assuming that cash and equivalents of 30 are disclosed, which already includes a restricted amount of 5, then 25 can be used according to this caliber; if 5 is in other listed assets, no deduction will be made.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Aging, overdue, credit impairment and concentration jointly reflect the quality of receivables, which cannot be summarized by one ratio.

計算式と範囲

Proportion of impairment provision = provision ÷ original value of receivables in the same range; overdue ratio = overdue receivables ÷ receivables in the same range.

確認先

Notes on receivables, contract assets, credit risks and subsequent collections.

判断すること

Examine the credit cost of revenue growth versus collection risk.

変化の理由

Increases in receivables may be due to growth, relaxed credit terms or slower collections; changes in provisions may also result from changes in risk models and portfolios.

制約と注意点

Distinguish gross and net receivables, notes receivable, and contract assets. Record the cutoff date for collections after the reporting period; a balance alone does not establish a bad debt.

併せて確認

DSO, operating cash flow, customer concentration.

仮定の例

Assume that the original value of receivables is 100, the reserve is 5, the reserve ratio is 5%, and the net book amount is 95; this does not mean that the actual future loss will be 5.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Distinguish between raw materials, work-in-progress, finished products and warehouse age, price reduction policy and subsequent sales.

計算式と範囲

Proportion of price decline provision = Provision for price decline within the same range ÷ Original value of inventory; look at the original value and net value at the same time.

確認先

Inventory and impairment notes, production and sales instructions.

判断すること

Distinguish between production expansion and stocking, delivery cycle and slow-selling risks.

変化の理由

An increase in inventory may support orders, or it may be a backlog; less preparation may be of good quality, or estimates may be optimistic.

制約と注意点

Different types of inventory cannot be directly compared, and a low net inventory does not necessarily mean an improvement in turnover.

併せて確認

DIO, sales volume, orders, capacity utilization.

仮定の例

Assume inventory cost is 100, the write-down allowance is 10, and net carrying amount is 90. A lower net amount caused only by a larger allowance does not prove faster sales.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Look at the original value of the asset, accumulated depreciation, net value, transfer of assets under construction and impairment, rather than just the size of the asset.

計算式と範囲

Net fixed assets are generally the original value minus accumulated depreciation and related impairments; the details are listed in the report.

確認先

Notes on fixed assets, construction in progress, depreciation policies, and capital commitments.

判断すること

Check the production expansion progress, usage efficiency and subsequent depreciation pressure.

変化の理由

Growth may be due to expansion or acquisition; net reduction may be due to depreciation, impairment or disposals.

制約と注意点

Depreciation is not a current cash expenditure, but asset renewal may still require cash; the assumption of life extension is not automatically falsified, and the basis needs to be checked.

併せて確認

CapEx, Capacity Utilization, ROIC.

仮定の例

Assume that the original value is 100, the accumulated depreciation is 40, the impairment is 5, and the net amount is 55; it is not immediately realizable at 55.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Goodwill comes from specific acquisition accounting, and other intangible assets have independent identification and different amortization and impairment rules.

計算式と範囲

Observable goodwill ÷ total assets or goodwill ÷ equity; indicates the risk exposure ratio, not the value loss ratio.

確認先

Notes on allocation of acquisition consideration, goodwill, intangible assets, and impairment testing.

判断すること

Identify acquisition premiums and future impairment sensitivities.

変化の理由

The increase in the proportion may be due to acquisitions or due to a decrease in equity; impairments reduce profits but are usually not cash outflows in the current period.

制約と注意点

Goodwill does not mean worthless, nor does it mean salable assets; a high ratio does not directly prove that the acquisition failed.

併せて確認

ROIC, equity, adjusted profit, cash flow.

仮定の例

Assume goodwill is 20, total assets are 200, and goodwill accounts for 10%; we also need to look at the cash-generating unit and assumptions.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Conduct a preliminary term structure check using current assets and current liabilities.

計算式と範囲

Current ratio = current assets ÷ current liabilities; working capital = current assets - current liabilities.

確認先

Balance sheet, liquidity risk notes.

判断すること

Preliminarily screen for short-term financial pressure, and then check asset quality and maturity time.

変化の理由

The increase may be caused by increased cash or inventory backlog; the decrease may be caused by pressure or the efficient advance collection model.

制約と注意点

There is no universal 2x qualifying line; the end-of-period snapshot does not reflect the lowest cash during the quarter, and negative working capital is not always a danger.

併せて確認

Quick ratio, cash flow, maturity distribution.

仮定の例

Assume that current assets are 150, current liabilities are 100, ratio is 1.5, and working capital is 50; there is no guarantee that the debt can be repaid based on this.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List · SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Quick assets choose items that are easier to convert into cash; cash ratios use narrower cash items.

計算式と範囲

Quick ratio in this manual = (cash equivalents + realizable short-term investments + net receivables) ÷ current liabilities; cash ratio = (cash equivalents + realizable short-term investments) ÷ current liabilities.

確認先

Balance Sheet, Cash/Investments/Receivables Notes.

判断すること

Reduce reliance on inventory liquidation and identify prompt buffers.

変化の理由

An increase may be due to the availability of financing, but may not necessarily be an improvement in operations; an increase in receivables will also push up the dynamic ratio.

制約と注意点

Short-term investments and receivables may not be realized immediately; exclude the inapplicable and restricted parts and explain them, and do not mix them with the "current assets-inventory" version.

併せて確認

Current ratio, quality of receivables, restricted cash.

仮定の例

Assume cash of 20, realizable short-term investments of 10, net receivables of 30, and current liabilities of 100. The quick ratio is 0.6 and the cash ratio is 0.3.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

Interest-bearing debt is not the same as total debt; net debt is the analytical amount of selected financing obligations minus selected cash.

計算式と範囲

Net debt = selected interest-bearing debt - selected available cash and equivalents; whether lease liabilities, short-term investments, securitization, etc. are included must be stated.

確認先

Notes on Borrowings, Bonds, Leases, Cash and Financial Risks.

判断すること

Look at leverage in conjunction with the timing of repayment, and do not simply offset cash and total debt.

変化の理由

An increase in net debt may increase borrowings, or may consume cash through investments and dividends; a negative number indicates that the selected cash exceeds the selected debt.

制約と注意点

A net cash position does not remove risks from restricted cash, currency or entity mismatches, payables, or future commitments.

併せて確認

EBITDA, interest cover, maturity distribution.

仮定の例

Assume that borrowings are 60, included in leases are 20, available cash is 30, and net debt including leases is 50; excluding leases, it is 30. The name should be clear.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

Compare the selected profit caliber with the interest burden during the same period.

計算式と範囲

The starting point of this manual is EBIT ÷ interest expense in profit and loss; capitalized interest, lease interest, and prior obligations are calculated separately, and net financial expenses are not used to pretend to be all interest.

確認先

Income Statement, Borrowing Costs and Lease Notes.

判断すること

Measure interest buffers and review principal and cash sources.

変化の理由

A decline may include a decline in profits or an increase in interest rates and borrowings; a high multiple may be a temporary boom.

制約と注意点

Infinite safety is not reported when the denominator is zero; negative EBIT is interpreted as a loss state. It is not the ability to repay the principal, nor is it the full set of debt selection criteria in the original book.

併せて確認

Operating cash flow, debt maturities, net debt.

仮定の例

Assume EBIT is 30 and interest expense is 6. Interest coverage is 5×; that does not establish an ability to repay principal at maturity.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

Examination of deadlines, extension conditions, covenants, cross-defaults and unused credit facilities are note inspection items.

計算式と範囲

Principal, interest, lease and other commitments are listed based on the next 12 months and subsequent periods; only the portion of credit that can be actually used is listed.

確認先

Liquidity risk, loan covenants, credit facilities and commitment notes.

判断すること

Contrast maturities against available cash and conservative cash generation capabilities.

変化の理由

The concentration of recent maturities and shrinking contract space will increase reliance on refinancing.

制約と注意点

Non-current liabilities and short-term borrowings within one year are avoided from being recalculated; planned renewal of loans does not represent already-obtained funds, and uncommitted credit does not constitute an equal amount of cash.

併せて確認

Cash, net debt, interest coverage.

仮定の例

Assume available cash is 20 and principal due within the next 12 months is 35. The gap of 15 needs explanation alongside expected operating cash inflows, outflows, and other obligations.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Operational volume and unit price help explain revenue, and averages are affected by product mix.

計算式と範囲

For a comparable product, revenue ≈ volume × net selling price. Multi-product revenue is the sum of each product’s volume × price.

確認先

Segment/product revenue, production and sales description, order and revenue policy.

判断すること

Separate demand, price increases, product mix, exchange rates, and M&A effects.

変化の理由

The increase in average price may only be due to an increase in the proportion of high-priced products, and an increase in sales may not necessarily increase gross profit.

制約と注意点

Simple volume-based pricing may not apply to services, subscriptions, net-of-gross method and timing of acceptance.

併せて確認

Revenue, gross margin, unit cost.

仮定の例

Assume that 100 pieces × 10 yuan = 1,000; 150 pieces × 8 yuan = 1,200. The volume increased by 50% but the revenue only increased by 20%.

出典: Source notes for Chapter 2 of Security Analysis

意味

Use the scale of receivables and the scale of credit sales during the period to estimate the average number of occupied days.

計算式と範囲

DSO = average trade receivables ÷ credit sales income for the same period × number of days in the period; undisclosed credit sales are clearly marked when approximated by operating income.

確認先

Receivable notes, income, account period and payment collection information.

判断すること

Track funds tied up from credit sales.

変化の理由

A longer period may relax account terms, seasonality, or slower collections; a shorter period may improve factoring, write-offs, or collections.

制約と注意点

Use a consistent gross or net receivables measure. Tax-inclusive receivables versus tax-exclusive revenue and contract assets may distort the estimate; DSO is not the actual collection period of every invoice.

併せて確認

Aging of accounts receivable, operating cash flow, CCC.

仮定の例

Assume that the average receivables are 100, the annual credit sales income is 1,000, and there are 365 days in the year, then 36.5 days.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

Use average inventory relative to period cost of sales to estimate how long funds will remain in inventory.

計算式と範囲

DIO = average inventory ÷ operating cost × number of days in the period; inventory turnover rate = operating cost ÷ average inventory.

確認先

Inventory notes, income statement costs.

判断すること

Track stocking, production and sales efficiency.

変化の理由

The change may include stocking, production cycle extension, product structure changes or backlog.

制約と注意点

Inventory impairment will reduce the net amount and may superficially improve turnover; seasonality requires more time points, and it cannot be simply judged that shorter is better.

併せて確認

Inventory age, orders, gross profit margin, CCC.

仮定の例

Assume that the average inventory is 120, the annual cost is 600, and DIO=73 days.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

Use average trade payables and purchase sizes to estimate payment cycles.

計算式と範囲

DPO = average trade payables ÷ credit purchases during the period × period days. If purchase data are unavailable, cost of sales may be used as a proxy, with that limitation disclosed.

確認先

Payables, procurement, supplier financing and cost information.

判断すること

Observe supplier billing periods and working capital usage.

変化の理由

The longer the period, the greater the bargaining power, or the delay in payment due to financial constraints; the impact of the transfer of supply chain financing is comparative.

制約と注意点

Procurement does not always equal sales cost; manufacturing inventory and production costs are more complex, and precise procurement does not have to be forced by cost changes.

併せて確認

DSO, DIO, CCC, cash flow.

仮定の例

Assume that the average payable is 80, and the annual credit purchase is 800, DPO = 36.5 days; this does not prove that this is the case for all invoice periods.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

String inventory, receivable and payable days into working capital time indicators.

計算式と範囲

CCC=DIO+DSO-DPO, the three items adopt the same period and compatible caliber.

確認先

Obtained from reports and notes according to DSO, DIO and DPO definitions.

判断すること

See if business growth requires more advance capital, and trace the changes in that period.

変化の理由

A longer period may result in increased inventory or receivables usage; a shorter period may simply delay payment to suppliers.

制約と注意点

A negative cycle is not automatically risk-free. Do not apply this framework mechanically to businesses with large customer advances, financial operations, or complex contracts. CCC is not a bank cash balance and excludes some cash outflows.

併せて確認

Operating cash flow, turnover items, and contract liabilities.

仮定の例

Assume DIO60, DSO30, DPO45, CCC45 days.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

This is the operating project portfolio; capacity, output, orders, deliveries and revenue are not the same concepts.

計算式と範囲

Common capacity utilization rate = actual output ÷ available production capacity of the same product caliber during the same period; orders must indicate new additions/on hand, quantity/amount and cancellation conditions.

確認先

Production and sales, production capacity, order description and revenue recognition policy.

判断すること

Connect expansion, demand and revenue realization.

変化の理由

An increase in utilization rate may improve scale efficiency, or it may approach a bottleneck; an increase in orders on hand may result in strong demand or slow delivery.

制約と注意点

The design value and effective value of production capacity are different; orders do not determine revenue, let alone cash. Different disclosure calibers cannot be spliced ​​together.

併せて確認

Sales volume, gross profit, capital expenditures, inventory.

仮定の例

Assume that the actual output is 80, the same caliber production capacity is 100, and the utilization rate is 80%; it cannot be concluded that 80 has been sold.

出典: Source notes for Chapter 2 of Security Analysis

意味

The net amount of cash inflows minus outflows from operating activities belongs to the cash flow statement.

計算式と範囲

Read net cash provided by operating activities from the cash-flow statement; it cannot be reconstructed simply as revenue minus expenses.

確認先

Cash flow statement and reconciliation statement from net profit to operating cash.

判断すること

Reconcile cash support and working capital changes to profits.

変化の理由

Improvements may come from collections, or advance collections, inventory releases, or delayed payments; declines may come from expansion advances.

制約と注意点

The classification of interest/dividends may be different under different standards; CFO is not money that can be fully distributed as dividends, and non-cash costs also have economic costs.

併せて確認

Net profit, CCC, capex, FCF.

仮定の例

Assume that operating cash inflow is 120 and outflow is 100, and CFO is 20; it is not equal to revenue of 120 or net profit of 20.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Compare the profits in the same range and period with the CFO, first explain the differences and then calculate the ratio.

計算式と範囲

CFO ÷ consolidated net profit can be observed, but it needs to be matched within the same range; difference adjustment is more important than a single ratio.

確認先

Consolidated income statement, cash flow reconciliation, receivables, inventories and payables and non-cash notes.

判断すること

Examine the impact of collections, stocking, payments, and noncash gains and losses on the profit cash variance.

変化の理由

Deviations may be expansionary, seasonal, credit policy, or unusual items and do not automatically prove false profits.

制約と注意点

The ratio is misleading when net profit is zero, negative, or very small. Do not set 100% as a universal passing threshold or compare consolidated CFO divided by profit attributable to the parent across companies without explaining that mismatch.

併せて確認

CFO, net profit, DSO, inventory, capex.

仮定の例

Assume net profit on a consistent basis is 10 and CFO is 6. CFO is 60% of profit; reconcile the gap of 4 before drawing a conclusion.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Cash expenditures for the acquisition and construction of long-term operating assets are divided into maintenance, expansion and capitalized development.

計算式と範囲

Prioritize reading and reconciliation of cash flow "cash paid for the purchase and construction of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets"; mergers and acquisitions are not automatically included in the narrow sense of Capex.

確認先

Notes on investment cash flow, fixed/intangible assets, construction in progress and capital commitments.

判断すること

Understand how much reinvestment is required to maintain profits.

変化の理由

Increases could be expansions, updates, price increases or payment timing; decreases could also delay necessary maintenance.

制約と注意点

The increase in net fixed assets does not equal cash Capex; non-cash leases, credit purchases and mergers and acquisitions need to be listed separately. When maintenance expenses are not disclosed, they cannot be directly equated with depreciation.

併せて確認

ROIC, Capacity, CFO, FCF.

仮定の例

Assume cash paid for equipment is 8 and leased assets of 3 are obtained without an upfront cash payment. Do not record 11 as cash Capex under the narrow definition.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements · SEC Non-GAAP Financial Measures Q102.07

意味

There is no single uniform definition; this manual starts with the simplified observation of operating cash flow less selected cash capital expenditures.

計算式と範囲

Simplified FCF=CFO-Cash Capex; does not automatically equal corporate valuation FCFF or shareholder FCFE.

確認先

Cash flow statement and capital expenditure reconciliation; company is not defined by GAAP.

判断すること

Observe the cash balance after operations and long-term investment.

変化の理由

A better result may be an improvement in CFO or a reduction in capital expenditures; a negative number may be expansion or operating expenses.

制約と注意点

Debt repayments, lease principal, acquisitions, and other commitments may still require cash. Do not assume all FCF can be distributed to shareholders. Reconcile definitions across accounting standards and companies first.

併せて確認

CFO, Capex, net debt, FCF yield.

仮定の例

Assume CFO is 20 and cash Capex is 8, giving simplified FCF of 12. Debt coming due may still prevent a dividend of 12.

出典: SEC Non-GAAP Financial Measures Q102.07 · SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

The multiple of common stock price relative to earnings per share of the same equity caliber.

計算式と範囲

PE = price per share ÷ corresponding EPS. Indicate the static year, TTM or forecast; the market value/profit version also checks the number of shares and vesting time point.

確認先

Market timing, EPS and equity notes, and profit forecast instructions.

判断すること

Compare prices at comparable earnings quality and growth risk.

変化の理由

An increase in PE may cause the stock price to rise, or profits may fall; a decline may be cheap, or it may be at a cycle profit high point.

制約と注意点

When EPS ≤ 0, conventional PE has no economic explanation; predicting PE relies on assumptions, and low PE is not evidence of safety margin.

併せて確認

EPS, normal earnings, ROIC, cash flow.

仮定の例

Assume that the stock price is 20, the annual EPS is 2, and the PE is 10 times; it is not a promise to recover the principal in 10 years.

出典: SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

Common stock price relative to common stock attributable net assets.

計算式と範囲

PB = common stock market value ÷ corresponding common stock book equity, or price ÷ corresponding net assets per share.

確認先

Notes on market prices, share capital, equity and intangible assets.

判断すること

Look at price in light of asset quality and return capabilities.

変化の理由

The decline may include a drop in price, or retained profits may increase equity; the level may also be affected by ROE and asset measurement.

制約と注意点

It is difficult to explain negative equity or minimal equity; mergers involving minority shareholders' equity cannot be directly matched with the common stock market value of the parent company. PB<1 does not guarantee cheaper liquidation.

併せて確認

ROE, goodwill, asset quality, PE.

仮定の例

Assume that the common stock market value is 100, corresponding book equity is 80, and PB is 1.25 times.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

EV attempts to cover the value of relevant capital providers; EBITDA is an indicator after adding back interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization to the selected profit caliber.

計算式と範囲

Illustrative EV = common equity market value + debt + preferred equity + non-controlling interests − deductible cash. Compare EV with EBITDA for a matching period and consistent lease treatment.

確認先

Market prices, borrowings, cash, leases and EBITDA adjustments.

判断すること

Assist comparison between similar businesses with different capital structures.

変化の理由

Changes may come from corporate pricing or caliber changes such as EBITDA and leasing.

制約と注意点

Debt book value is only an approximation of market value; EBITDA is non-cash flow and does not deduct maintenance capital expenditures and changes in working capital; negative or very small denominators are not interpreted as normal multiples.

併せて確認

Capex, FCF, net debt, interest cover.

仮定の例

Assume equity market value is 100, debt is 30, deductible cash is 10, and there are no other adjustments. EV is 120; with EBITDA of 20, EV/EBITDA is 6×.

出典: Damodaran Enterprise Value Multiples and Equity Bridge · SEC Non-GAAP Financial Measures Q102.07

意味

Compare clear caliber cash flows to matching valuation targets.

計算式と範囲

If simplified (CFO-Capex) ÷ common stock market value is used, indicate that only rough screening is required and the classification of claims, minority shareholders and interest needs to be verified; strictly FCFE is allocated to equity value, and FCFF is allocated to EV.

確認先

Market capitalization or EV on the same day, clear free cash flow adjustment for the period.

判断すること

Use a cash perspective to supplement earnings multiples and not confuse them with dividend yields.

変化の理由

A higher yield may reflect a lower price, better operating cash flow, or underinvestment in necessary assets.

制約と注意点

All corporate cash earnings cannot be allocated to the equity of the parent company to obtain an accurate rate of return; the timing of collection at the end of the year will be distorted. Negative amounts and one-time releases of funds require explanation.

併せて確認

FCF, Capex, EV, net debt.

仮定の例

Assume FCFE attributable to common equity is 10 and the corresponding equity market value is 100. The FCFE yield is 10%; it does not guarantee a 10% investment return.

出典: SEC Non-GAAP Financial Measures Q102.07 · CFA Institute Financial Ratio List

意味

The dividend rate uses the purchase price as the denominator, and the payout ratio uses attributable earnings as the denominator.

計算式と範囲

Historical cash dividend yield = cash dividend per share ÷ price of the same share class. Payout ratio = cash dividends to common shares ÷ earnings attributable to those shares.

確認先

Dividend plan/implementation announcement, profit distribution, equity and cash flow.

判断すること

Distinguish between the purchase price income and the degree of profit distribution, and check cash support.

変化の理由

An increase in the dividend rate may simply be a decrease in the stock price; an increase in the payout ratio may be a decrease in profits or a special dividend.

制約と注意点

Separate historical from declared dividends and regular from special dividends. Ex-dividend adjustments do not create a free return. Payout ratios are misleading when profit is negative or very small; consider taxes and fees separately.

併せて確認

CFO, FCF, debt, EPS.

仮定の例

Assume cash dividend per share is 1 and share price is 20, giving a historical dividend yield of 5%. If EPS is 2, the payout ratio is 50%; these measure different things.

出典: CFA Institute Financial Ratio List · SEC Beginner’s Guide to Financial Statements

意味

The discount is an arithmetic difference; the margin of safety also needs to be supported by conservative value, asset and profit protection and risk judgment.

計算式と範囲

Valuation discount = (estimated value per share - price) ÷ estimated value per share; the value must be positive and consistent.

確認先

Valuation drafts, same-day price, risk and sensitivity records.

判断すること

Examine the distance between price and evidence-based value, and ask where the valuation might be wrong.

変化の理由

Expanding the discount may lower the price, or may raise the assumptions on its own, but the latter does not mean safer.

制約と注意点

It cannot be stipulated that any 30% will automatically qualify; the value range may change or be wrong, and discounts do not guarantee profit.

併せて確認

Normal earnings, asset quality, debt, valuation sensitivity.

仮定の例

Assume that the conservative valuation range is 80-100, the purchase price is 60, and the discount is 25% according to the lower limit; this is a trial calculation and does not prove actual safety.

出典: Source notes for Chapter 2 of Security Analysis