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TopicDisconfirmAI EditorialUpdated 2026-11-03 10:02

imec

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imec 联合布鲁塞尔自由大学通过 netzero 平台建模发现,在加倍计算单元和 HBM 容量时,GPU 采用 3D 堆叠封装的隐含碳排放增幅为 89%,显著低于 2.5D 方案的 141%【背景】。这一结论旨在将 3D 集成定位为限制 AI 数据中心碳足迹的关键路径。然而,3D 架构面临严峻的热挑战:imec 此前在 IEEE IEDM 会议上指出,未经优化的 3D HBM-on-GPU 峰值温度可达 141.7°C,远超安全阈值。为此,imec 提出系统-技术协同优化(STCO)方案,结合双面冷却与频率缩放,成功将峰值温度降至 70.8°C,虽伴随 28% 的工作负载性能损失,但整体吞吐量密度仍优于 2.5D 基准。目前争议在于如何在极低功耗、高算力密度与可接受的性能折损之间取得平衡,后续需关注实际量产良率及更多配置下的热仿真数据。

How it got here

  1. 2025-12-08

    imec 在 IEEE IEDM 发布首个 3D HBM-on-GPU 热 STCO 研究,显示通过优化可将峰值温度从 141.7°C 降至 70.8°C。

    imec-int.com ↗
  2. 2026-11-03

    imec 与布鲁塞尔自由大学团队发表预印本论文,估算显示 3D 扩展的隐含碳排放增幅(89%)比 2.5D(141%)低 52 个百分点。

    semiengineering.com ↗

What is still unsettled

  • 3D 堆叠在实际大规模生产中的组装良率是否会抵消建模中预测的碳排放优势?
  • STCO 方案中提到的 28% 工作负载性能惩罚在不同 AI 训练任务中的具体影响范围是多少?
  • 除了频率缩放和双面冷却,是否有其他不牺牲性能的散热策略能进一步降低 3D 架构的热风险?

Sources

  • semiengineering.com
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SemiEngineering: 3D Integration Reduces Embodied Emissions Impact of GPU Scaling
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  • arxiv.orgarXiv: Embodied Emissions of 2.5D and 3D Scaling in Chipletized GPUs for Low-Carbon AI↗
  • imec-int.comImec Press Release: Imec mitigates thermal bottleneck in 3D HBM-on-GPU architectures↗
  • Coverage in this topic

    • imec and Vrije Universiteit Brussels Model: GPU 3D Packaging Expansion Implies Embodied Emissions Increase 52 Percentage Points Lower Than 2.5D2026-11-03News

      A team from imec and Vrije Universiteit Brussels used the netzero modeling platform to estimate the embodied emissions of chiplet-based GPUs under 2.5D and 3D scaling scenarios. With compute units and High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) capacity doubled, the embodied emissions increase for 3D scaling was 89%, compared to 141% for 2.5D; the research team thus positions 3D stacking as an attractive solution for limiting the embodied emissions associated with GPU expansion. These results come from a preprint paper and represent modeling estimates rather than independent measurements.